State estimation of a shop floor using improved resampling rules for particle filtering

► Lack of coherent control mechanisms cause operational inefficiencies in shop floors. ► In control mechanisms, accurate state estimation is crucial given massive datasets. ► Particle filtering with resampling may meet these requirements in state estimation. ► Resampling rules prevent the generation of degenerated weights for particles. ► We theoretically derive two new resampling rules concerning minimized variance and bias, while showing their resampling qualities and computational efficiencies.