Changes in smoking status among a longitudinal cohort of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada

- 28.8% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and 33.1% of HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) were daily smokers.
- 62.4% of bisexual men were daily smokers.
- MSM who made >$60,000 and who were in excellent health were the most likely to quit.
- MSM with a partner who smokes were less likely to quit and more likely to restart.
- HIV-positive MSM were more likely to smoke but not more likely to quit.

BackgroundCigarette smoking is common among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) and most of the mortality gap between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals is attributable to smoking.MethodsWe recruited sexually active HIV-positive and HIV-negative GBMSM age ≥16 years using respondent-driven sampling. Study visits occurred every six months for up to four years and included a computer-assisted self-interview and clinical assessment. We conducted bivariate analyses to compare factors associated with “never”, “former”, “daily”, or “non-daily” smoking at baseline and longitudinal mixed effects models to examine factors associated with cessation and (re)initiation.Results774 participants completed a baseline visit and 525 enrolled in the cohort and completed at least one follow-up visit. At baseline, the median age was 34 years and 31.5% were daily smokers. In follow-up (median = 2.5 years), 116 daily or non-daily smokers (41%) quit at least once and of these, 101 (87%) remained former smokers at their last visit. Smoking cessation was positively associated with incomes ≥$60,000 and self-reported excellent health. Alcohol use, ecstasy use, and having a partner who smokes were associated with decreased odds of cessation. Substance use (cannabis, GHB, and crystal methamphetamine) and having a partner who smokes were positively associated with increasing to/resuming daily smoking. HIV-positive GBMSM were more likely to smoke but not more likely to quit.ConclusionsTargeted, culturally relevant smoking cessation resources are needed, especially for HIV-positive GBMSM. Engaging couples in cessation interventions may be useful.