Observations of carbon-carbon coupling of 4,4ʺ-dibromo-p-terphenyl on Cu(110) surface at molecular level

The carbon-carbon couplings of 4,4ʺ-dibromo-p-terphenyl (DBTP) on Cu(110) surface have been investigated at a single molecular level by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), demonstrating that the direct carbon-carbon coupling coexists with Ullmann coupling after annealing.193