In situ characterization of the effects of Nb and Sn on the anatase-rutile transition in TiO2 nanotubes using high-temperature X-ray diffraction

- TiO2 formed on CPTi presented the anatase-rutile transition at 398 °C.
- TiO2 crystallizes on CPTi, Ti35Nb and Ti35Nb4Sn at 225, 295 and 392 °C, respectively.
- Addition of Sn to the Ti35Nb alloy improved the Nb effect on the stability of the anatase phase.
- XPS confirmed formation of Nb2O5 on Ti35Nb and Ti35Nb4Sn and of SnO2 on Ti35Nb4Sn.
- Formation of rutile on CPTi substrate caused deterioration of nanotube arrangement.