XPS, XRD and SEM characterization of a thin ceria layer deposited onto graphite electrode for application in lithium-ion batteries

► Electro-precipitation of ceria on graphite. ► Graphite modification by ceria thin film for negative electrodes. ► Reversible insertion and deinsertion of lithium in graphite through ceria layer. ► Formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer.