Durability enhancement and degradation of oxygen evolution anodes in seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production

▶ Oxygen evolution anode in seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production. ▶ Sn1−xIrxO2 intermediate layer effective in preventing oxidation of titanium substrate. ▶ Unevenness of the intermediate layer is responsible for localized growth of titanium oxide bumps. ▶ Localized titanium oxide growth results in destruction of electrocatalyst. ▶ Exposure of intermediate layer active for chlorine formation to NaCl solution determines the life of anode.