Electro-spark alloying using graphite electrode on titanium alloy surface for biomedical applications

► Electro-spark alloying (ESA) modification, as a potential promising method available was studied on Ti-alloy for biomedical applications. ► The ESA layer prepared in silicone oil show excellent wear and corrosion wear in SBF solution. ► The ESA layer prepared in silicone oil using a graphite electrode indicates good biocompatibility, and rough surface can help to enhance early cell attachment capacity.