Structure formation on the surface of alloys irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses

Laser-induced periodic surface structures with different spatial characteristics have been observed after multiple linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulse (120 fs, 800 nm, 1 Hz to 1 kHz pulse repetition frequency) irradiation on alloys. With the increasing number of pulses, nanoripples, classical ripples and modulation ripples with a period close to half of classical ripples have all been induced. The generation of second-harmonic has been supposed to be the main mechanism in the formation of modulation ripples.