XPS analysis of laser transmission micro-joint between poly (vinylidene fluoride) and titanium

Micro-joints between poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film and titanium (Ti) foil with a joint width of 250 μm were fabricated by a transmission laser joining technique. The Ti and PVDF surfaces exposed by debonding the joint were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS results suggest that laser joining leads to the formation of Ti-F and Ti-C chemical bonds at the interface.