Atomic orbital-based cubic response theory for one-, two-, and four-component relativistic self-consistent field models

We present the first analytic calculations of the second hyperpolarizability in a relativistic framework. The calculations are made possible by our recent developments of a response theory built on a quasienergy formalism, in which the basis set may be both time and perturbation dependent. The approach is formulated for an arbitrary self-consistent field state in the atomic orbital basis. The implementation consists of a stand-alone code that only requires the unperturbed density in the atomic orbital basis as input, as well as a linear response solver by which we can determine the perturbed density matrices to different orders, at each new order solving equations that have the same structure as the linear response equation. Using these features of our formalism, we extend in this paper our approach to the relativistic domain, utilizing both two- and four-component relativistic wave functions. We apply the formalism to the calculation of the electronic and pure vibrational contributions to the second hyperpolarizability tensor for the hydrogen halides. Our results demonstrate that relativistic effects can be substantial for frequency-dependent second hyperpolarizabilities. Due to changes in the pole structure when going to the relativistic domain, the relativistic corrections to the hyperpolarizabilities are not transferable between different optical processes, except for very low frequencies.