Electron density profile at the interfaces of bulk heterojunction solar cells and its implication on the S-kink characteristics

- Electron density profile (EDP) across solar cells is estimated by X-ray reflectivity.
- A correlation is established between EDP and S-kink characteristics.
- EDP is enhanced at interface of hole transport/active layer in annealed devices.
- The correlation is supported by Kelvin probe and XPS measurements.