Raman spectroscopic determination of the length, energy, Debye temperature, and compressibility of the C-C bond in carbon allotropes

- Bond order (z), length (d), and strength (E) determine the Raman shift, Δω.
- Heating (T), compressing (P), and coordination changing vary the d, E, and Δω.
- Δω(T) results in the atomic cohesive energy and Debye temperature.
- Δω(P) offers the binding energy density and elastic modulus.
- Δω(z) leads to the bond nature index and the reference ω from which the Δω proceeds.