Filling TiO2 nanoparticles in the channels of TiO2 nanotube membranes to enhance the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells

► We have filled TiO2 nanoparticles in the channels of TiO2 nanotube membranes. ► The efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cells has enhanced significantly. ► By filling approximately 10 wt.% of nanoparticles, the efficiency was enhanced 21%. ► By treating with TiCl4 after filling, the efficiency was enhanced 40%. ► It is due to an increase in the total available surface area for dye adsorption.