A comparison of closed-form and finite-element solutions for heat transfer in a nearly horizontal, unglazed flat plate PVT water collector: Performance assessment

The results show how using this kind of solar panel not only improves the overall performance of a PVT panel with regard to a PV cell performance alone, but it also enables photovoltaic and solar thermal energy to be incorporated in the same area. This is especially crucial when the roof area is limited or restricted, even when the outlet water temperature for DHW is not excessively high.