A review of renewable energy investment in the BRICS countries: History, models, problems and solutions

This paper reviews the history of renewable energy development in the BRICS countries. The financing models for renewable energy development of BRICS countries include bank financing, institutional loans, industry funds, and international financing. This paper identified several problems with financing in BRICS countries, including a lack of financing channels, investment shortage for small and medium-sized enterprises and imperfect government policies. The solutions to these problems include expanded capital markets, the financing of leasing services, and build-operate-transfer and build-own-operate projects; further, a financial citizen participation model should be employed similar to that as Germany and European Union emissions trading system (EU ETS). A financial citizen participation model means that legal entities, private individuals, and agricultural enterprises invest in renewable energy infrastructure through equity. A regional reserve ratio monetary policy is suggested to allow regions to develop renewable energy.