Do mechanical tests of glove stiffness provide relevant information relative to their effects on the musculoskeletal system? A comparison with surface electromyography and psychophysical methods

The main purpose of the present study was to test the construct validity of two mechanical tests of glove stiffness using a surface electromyography (SEMG) methodology that would allow estimating the effect of glove stiffness on forearm muscle activation during a standardized grip contraction. The mechanical tests [free-deforming multidirectional test (FDMT) and Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KESF)] were applied on 27 gloves covering a wide range of stiffness. In 30 human subjects, a psychophysical assessment of these gloves was also carried on in addition to the SEMG test. The results showed that the sensitivity of the different tests to glove stiffness differences was slightly better for the FDMT (75% sensitivity) than for the psychophysical assessment (72%), while the SEMG test showed much lower sensitivity (13–31%, depending on the muscle). The SEMG test was highly correlated to the psychophysical assessment (0.88–0.95, depending on the muscle tested), and the FDMT (0.88–0.94) and KESF (0.77–0.86) mechanical tests, showing the construct validity of mechanical tests, particularly for the FDMT. It was concluded that mechanical tests provide relevant information relative to the effect of glove stiffness on the musculoskeletal system of the forearm.