Effects of package and process variation on 2.4Â GHz analog integrated circuits

The effects of package and process variations on the parameters of an integrated 2.4 GHz low noise amplifier and a voltage controlled oscillator are presented. The influence of the number of ground pins on the LNA behaviour was investigated. Package and process variations cause substantial changes to the VCO oscillation frequency that have to be anticipated by appropriate simulations and coarse tuning has to be provided.