Effects of natural environment on reproductive histo-morphometric dynamics of female dromedary camel

- Morphological dimensions of female reproductive system in relation to its histological structures in adult one-humped camel.
- Impact of seasonal climatic conditions on macro- and microscopic anatomical aspects of female reproductive organs.
- Female dromedary shows peak and low breeding activities during winter and summer seasons.
- Quiescence of ovarian follicular and uterine glandular activities are the key factors.

Camel shows a seasonal breeding pattern with enhanced reproductive activity during the period of low climatic temperature, high rainfall and better food conditions. Therefore, the study was conducted to explore the underlying seasonal effects on histological dimensions of reproductive tract in adult female one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) kept in the natural environment of Pakistan. A total 25 reproductive tracts were collected during spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons and were analysed for histo-morphometric parameters during different environmental conditions. A significant increase in number (p < 0.05) and size (p < 0.05) of surface with secondary and tertiary ovarian follicles was observed in winter season. The epithelial height (p < 0.05) and luminal diameter (p < 0.05) of infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus of uterine tubes were also significantly increased during winter season. Moreover, significantly increased length (p < 0.05) and circumference (p < 0.05) of uterine cornua, increased number (p < 0.001) and diameter (p < 0.001) of endometrial glands with enlarged surface and glandular epithelia (p < 0.001) were found in winter compared to summer season. Therefore, we concluded that quiescent ovarian follicular and uterine glandular activities are the main reason of camel low breeding during summer season.