Radiometric calibration of small-footprint full-waveform airborne laser scanner measurements: Basic physical concepts

Small-footprint (0.2–2 m) airborne laser scanners are lidar instruments originally developed for topographic mapping. While the first airborne laser scanners only allowed determining the range from the sensor to the target, the latest sensor generation records the complete echo waveform. The waveform provides important information about the backscattering properties of the observed targets and may be useful for geophysical parameter retrieval and advanced geometric modelling. However, to fully utilise the potential of the waveform measurements in applications, it is necessary to perform a radiometric calibration. As there are not yet calibration standards, this paper reviews some basic physical concepts commonly used by the remote sensing community for modelling scattering and reflection processes. Based purely on theoretical arguments it is recommended to use the backscattering coefficient γγ, which is the backscatter cross-section normalised relative to the laser footprint area, for the radiometric calibration of small-footprint full-waveform airborne laser scanners. The presented concepts are, with some limitations, also applicable to conventional airborne laser scanners that measure the range and intensity of multiple echoes.