Efficacy of oral diclofenac with or without codeine for pain control after invasive bilateral third molar extractions

Postoperative pain and inflammation after oral surgery is mostly managed using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, opioids combined with NSAIDs may improve pain management in patients, especially after traumatic oral surgery. Few studies have compared NSAIDs with and without opioid use after oral and maxillofacial surgery. This randomized, double-blind, cross-over study compared the clinical efficacy of either diclofenac (50 mg) and codeine (50 mg) or diclofenac alone (50 mg) for the management of postoperative pain after invasive third molar surgery. Volunteers (n = 46) who were scheduled to undergo the removal of symmetrically positioned lower third molars in two separate appointments were included. They reported significantly less postoperative pain at various time points within 24 h after surgery and also consumed significantly less rescue medication (paracetamol (acetaminophen)) throughout the study when they took diclofenac combined with codeine than when they took only diclofenac. In conclusion, oral diclofenac with codeine was more effective for managing postoperative pain than diclofenac without codeine. It was expected that patients taking two pain medications after surgery would generally have less pain than when taking only one of the two medications. The prospective cross-over design of the present work makes this study distinct from many others.