Immunohistochemical and histochemical characterization of intraosseous arteriovenous malformations of the jaws: analysis of 16 cases with emphasis on GLUT-1 immunophenotype

ObjectivesIntraosseous vascular lesions of the craniofacial region are rare and may cause diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The purpose of this study was to characterize 16 cases of intraosseous arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) affecting the jaws.Study DesignImmunohistochemical evaluation was performed using antibodies against α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), desmin, CD31, D2-40, and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1). Staining with elastic Verhoeff-Van Gieson and Masson trichrome histochemical stains was also performed.ResultsNo gender predilection (female:male ratio = 1:1) was observed, with patients' mean age being 50.8 years (SD of ±13.9; range 28-71 years). Predilection for the mandible was observed (12 of 16 [75%]). Immunohistochemically, diffuse endothelial CD31 staining was noted, and α-SMA strongly highlighted smooth muscle cells and pericytes. Desmin-positive vessels were identified in 9 of 16 AVMs (56.3%). D2-40 was uniformly negative in all specimens. AVMs were negative for GLUT-1 (11 of 14 [78.6%]) except for 2 cases (2 of 14 [14.3%]) exhibiting focal limited cytoplasmic GLUT-1 immunoreactivity. One case was equivocal for GLUT-1. Masson trichrome highlighted smooth muscle cells, and elastic fibers were identified in thick-walled arteries.ConclusionsAVMs of the jaws generally lack expression of GLUT-1, similar to soft tissue vascular malformations. Clinicoradiographic features of intraosseous AVMs in the present study were consistent with the findings of previous studies, although mean age was higher.