HIV Infection, Tenofovir, and Urine α1-Microglobulin: A Cross-sectional Analysis in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study

HIV-infected men had higher urine A1M levels compared with HIV-uninfected men. Among HIV-infected men, cumulative TDF exposure was associated with incrementally higher A1M levels, whereas time since TDF treatment discontinuation was associated with progressively lower A1M levels. Urine A1M appears to be a promising biomarker for detecting and monitoring TDF-associated tubular toxicity.