Genotyping analysis of protein S-Tokushima (K196E) and the involvement of protein S antigen and activity in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss

There was no significant difference in the frequency of PS-Tokushima between patients and controls. The 8 patients carriers of PS-Tokushima variant were capable of a subsequent live birth without the use of heparin. There was no significant difference in subsequent live birth rates between patients with low or normal PS-specific activity/PS activity without heparin prophylaxis after excluding miscarriages caused by an abnormal embryonic karyotype using multivariate logistic regression analysis. There was no association between PS-Tokushima and RPL and a PS deficiency or low PS activity was shown not to serve as a reliable clinical predictor of subsequent miscarriage.