Effect of silver on the photocatalytic degradation of humic acid

In this study, humic acid was mineralized and degraded photocatalytically in presence of bare TiO2 and silver loaded TiO2 (0.5–5.0 at.% Ag). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductive coupled plasma (ICP) analysis confirm the complete photodeposition of silver over TiO2 by photodeposition method. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) studies confirmed the presence of Ag0 in all Ag–TiO2 samples and the absence of Ag+ ions. Silver loading over TiO2 improved the rate of mineralization and degradation of humic acid with a maximum loading of 1.0 at.% Ag. Ninety percent carbon from humic acid was mineralized to CO2 only after 60 min by using bare TiO2 as a photocatalyst. However, this conversion was possible within 40 min by using 1.0 at.% Ag-loaded TiO2. This observation verifies that coating of metals like silver over TiO2 acts as an electron sink and can improve the redox reaction by preventing electron–hole recombination reaction. The optimum 1.0 at.% Ag loading in the current work is indicative that the blocking of the TiO2 surface active sites by silver also plays an important role in the photocatalytic mineralization and degradation of humic acid. As the silver loading is increased, less number of active site are available over the surface of photocatalyst TiO2 for redox reaction. This finding was supported by the TEM analysis of the photocatalyst samples.