Systemic exposure to parabens: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration

► High bioavailability of parabens after oral and subcutaneous administrations in rats. ► Partial bioavailability of parabens after topical administration in rats. ► The sole systemic exposure agent after administration of parabens was PHBA. ► Parabens, as preservatives in PCP, mainly produces human systemic exposure to PHBA. ► The parabens in PCP offer significant benefits and pose no risk to human health.