Microbial cell components induced tolerance to flagellin-stimulated inflammation through Toll-like receptor pathways in intestinal epithelial cells

► LPS and low dose of flagellin induced tolerance to flagellin-stimulated IL-8 production. ► The tolerance is associated with TLR-IκB/NFκB and JNK/p38. ► The mechanism of the tolerance is through down-regulation of genes in TLR pathway. ► The tolerance has a systemic interaction of multiple genes related to inflammation.