MCP-1 in urine as biomarker of disease activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

► Current clinical tests are not sensitive enough for detecting disease activity in SLE. ► We profiled 27 cytokines in urine looking for biomarkers of disease activity in SLE. ► MCP-1 levels in urine were directly associated to disease activity in our cohort. ► Non-invasive biomarkers could avoid blood sampling or tissue biopsies in SLE.