Sex, stress and social status: Patterns in fecal testosterone and glucocorticoid metabolites in male Ethiopian wolves

► Samples from male Ethiopian wolves were analyzed for fecal T and GC metabolites. ► We found no patterns in T metabolite concentrations associated with reproductive stage. ► Ethiopian wolves do not conform to the predictions of the Challenge Hypothesis. ► Dominant males had significantly higher FTM and FGM levels than did subordinates. ► Subordinate males appear to be behaviorally reproductively suppressed by dominants.