Short CommunicationRegional population expansion in Eucalyptus globulus

- Demographic history of Eucalyptus globulus was reconstructed using three loci.
- Eucalyptus globulus populations began expanding exponentially in Pliocene.
- Mainland Australia and island populations showed differing trends of expansion.
- Skyline plot at regional level provided a clearer inference of demographic history.
- Third codon sites and introns are more informative for demographic reconstruction.

Foundation tree species define the structure of forest habitat and influence their ecosystem dynamics. However, there is limited understanding of both the patterns and timing of population fluctuations in foundation trees and how they vary among geographical regions. We have reconstructed the demographic history of five genetically distinct populations of the Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus) at the species and regional levels, using three nuclear loci sequenced from 104 individuals. Analysis using a Bayesian skyline plot indicated that the species experienced two periods of expansion, commencing in the Pliocene. Regional analyses showed that island populations expanded earlier, but that the rate of expansion was relatively slow when compared to that of the mainland group. This highlights the need for local demographic history to be taken into account when inferring local adaptation for candidate genes. Population growth throughout the Quaternary signals the ability of the species to persist and thrive under the predominantly harsh conditions of this period.