Insights into phylogeny, sex function and age of Fragaria based on whole chloroplast genome sequencing

► Fragaria vesca subsp. bracteata is implicated as a genome donor to the octoploid. ► The most recent common ancestor of Fragaria lived 1-4.1 million years ago. ► Loss of male and female function in Fragaria can follow polyploidization. ► Fragaria octoploids may have some of the youngest sex chromosomes in angiosperms.