Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Pseudoxiphophorus (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes

► Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Pseudoxiphophorus are inferred. ► Heterandria formosa does not share MRCA with Pseudoxiphophorus. ► Pseudoxiphophorus jonesii is the sister group of all other Pseudoxiphophorus lineages. ► Major cladogenetic events occurred between the Late Miocene and Early Pleistocene. ► Pseudoxiphophorus needs major taxonomic revision to incorporate existing diversity.