Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the highly polymorphic Rumex bucephalophorus complex (Polygonaceae)

► R. bucephalophorus forms a monophyletic group. ► Their diversification began around 4.2 Mya, at the end of Messinian crisis. ► Subsp. bucephalophorus is sister to all of subspecies. ► Subsp. canariensis is the most recently derived subspecific taxon. ► Subspecies hispanicus and subsp. gallicus constitute a single group.