Chronic stress effects in contralateral medial pterygoid muscle of rats with occlusion alteration

- Occlusion alteration produce metabolic changes and oxidative stress in masticatory muscle.
- Chronic stress induces an adaptation of the muscle contralateral to the dental extraction.
- There is a potential link between stress state and muscle alteration in TMD.

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has a high prevalence in our society, characterized by a severe pain condition of the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint. Despite the indication of multiple factor initiators of TMD, there is still controversy about its etiology and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Using rats as experimental animals we investigated the effect of unpredictable chronic stress with or without unilateral molar extraction on the contralateral medial pterygoid muscle. Our hypothesis is that these two factors induce changes in morphology, oxidative metabolism and oxidative stress of muscle fibers. Young adult male Wistar rats (± 200 g) were divided into four groups: a group with extraction and unpredictable chronic stress (E + US); with extraction and without stress (E + C); without extraction and with unpredictable chronic stress (NO + US); and a control group without either extraction or stress (NO + C). The animals were subjected to unilateral extraction of the upper left molars, under intraperitoneal anesthesia with 4% Xylazine (10 mg/kg) and 10% Ketamine (80 mg/kg) on day zero. The rats of groups E + US and NO + US were submitted to different protocols of stress, from the 14th day after the extraction. The protocols were different every day for five consecutive days, which were repeated from the 6th day for five days more. Contralateral medial pterygoid muscles were obtained on the 24th day after the start of the experiment for morphological, metabolic, capillary density, and oxidative stress analysis. The data from capillary density showed a decrease of capillaries in animals subjected to dental extraction, compared with those without extraction and an increase of laminin expression in the group submitted to the unpredictable chronic stress when compared to the unexposed to stress. SDH test revealed a decrease of light fibers in the group submitted to unilateral extraction of molars, compared with this area in the control group. In E + US and NO + US groups, the deeply stained fibers increased compared to NO + C.·The exodontia factor was able to increase the ROS activity in muscle, whereas the stress factor does not significantly alter ROS in this tissue. It was concluded that both unpredictable chronic stress and the extraction induce metabolic and density of capillary changes in the contralateral medial pterygoid muscle to extraction, suggesting that these factors for a longer period of this experiment could induce muscle damage related to TMD.