Airway IL-1β and Systemic Inflammation as Predictors of Future Exacerbation Risk in Asthma and COPD

Airway IL-1β and systemic inflammation are associated with frequent exacerbations and may mediate a vicious cycle between previous and future exacerbations in COPD. Treatment strategies aimed at attenuating these inflammatory pathways to reduce COPD exacerbations deserve further investigation.