Hypertensive retinopathy and cerebral small vessel disease in Amerindians living in rural Ecuador: The Atahualpa Project

BackgroundDiagnosis of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a challenge in remote areas where MRI is not available. Hypertensive retinopathy (HTRP) has shown to correlate with SVD in different ethnic groups, but there is no information from indigenous Latin American people. We assessed the usefulness of retinal photographs to detect cases with SVD among Amerindians living in rural Ecuador.MethodsAtahualpa residents aged ≥ 60 years with arterial hypertension or prehypertension were identified during a door-to-door survey. A confocal line scanning laser ophthalmoscope was used to identify and grade HTRP (according to the Keith-Wagener-Barker classification). MRIs were read with attention to the presence of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin and lacunar infarcts. Using logistic regression models, we evaluated whether HTRP was independently associated with neuroimaging signatures of SVD.ResultsOf 323 eligible candidates, 241 (75%) were enrolled. MRI readings revealed moderate-to-severe WMH in 49 (20%) cases and lacunar infarcts in 29 (12%). HTRP Grade 1 was noticed in 90 (37%) individuals and Grade 2-3 in 42 (17%). After adjusting for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors, multivariate analyses showed a significant association between Grades 2-3 HTRP and moderate-to-severe WMH (OR: 3.87, 95% C.I.: 1.64-9.13) but not with lacunar infarcts (OR: 2.22, 95% C.I.: 0.83-5.92).ConclusionAmerindians with HTRP Grades 2-3 are almost four times more likely to have SVD-related subcortical damage than those with no- or only Grade 1-HTRP. Retinal photographs might allow recognition of people who need further investigation and therapy.