Fontan circulation causes early, severe liver damage. Should we offer patients a tailored strategy?

BackgroundIn patients with Fontan circulation, the liver is profoundly affected by chronic venous stasis. Little is known about early hepatic changes in this population.MethodsWe performed echocardiography, abdominal ultrasound, liver elastography, cardiac catheterization, esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy and calculated MELD-XI score in 64 Fontan patients (69% minors), at an interval of 1-15 years since Fontan.ResultsCardiac output remained stable in the first 5 years after Fontan, then significantly decreased (r = − 0.45, p(r = 0) = 0.003). NYHA class significantly increased after Fontan. Patients in NYHA class II/III (n = 21, 14 minors) had significantly higher hepatic pressures, but normal ventricular function and pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR). Patients with pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) ≥ 15 mm Hg (n = 12, 6 minors) and those with PVR ≥ 2 WU*m2 (n = 27, 25 minors), had higher hepatic pressures (p < 0.0001), a higher incidence of liver collaterals and/or esophageal varices (p < 0.0001) and splenomegaly (p < 0.02).Liver stiffness (LS) was elevated in most patients (median, 25th-75th percentile:17.3 KPa, 14.1-21.4). It rapidly increased during the first 5-years after Fontan, compared to the following 5-years (from 12.2 KPa, 9.8-14.1 to 17.5 KPa, 14.3-24.5, p = 0.007), then remained stable (19.1 KPa, 16.9-22.6, p = 0.60). MELD-XI score increased linearly with the time interval since Fontan (r = 0.31, p(r = 0) = 0.01). For patients above 12 years we found a linear correlation between LS and MELD-XI score in the 6-15 years period after Fontan (r = 0.40. p(r = 0) = 0.04). The overall incidence of established liver cirrhosis was 22%.ConclusionsThis is the largest study showing that Fontan circulation prompts early, progressive and eventually irreversible liver damage. Precautions should be taken immediately after Fontan, to protect this fragile population.