Prognostic factors of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A 12-year prospective cohort follow-up study

BackgroundAlthough heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinically important issue, the factors that affect its prognosis are still unclear. The aim of this study was to establish prognostic factors and develop a severity scale for the disease based on a long-term follow-up cohort of HFpEF patients.MethodsThe study included 438 HFpEF patients, as confirmed via echocardiography. Baseline characteristics, including echocardiographic findings and genetic polymorphisms, were determined. Patients were followed-up for up to 12 years. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models were used to determine the risk factors for mortality and major cardiovascular events (MACE). A severity scale was established using the significant risk factors. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for the scale were plotted.ResultsThe prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors [hazard ratio (HR) 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.13-0.58 for mortality] and calcium channel blockers (CCB) was associated with a significant decrease in overall mortality and MACE. Echocardiographic E/Em ratio and ACE gene D polymorphisms were powerful factors associated with both mortality and MACE [(E/Em; HR 1.66; 95% CI: 1.32-2.29 for mortality) and (ACE gene D allele, HR 1.99; 95% CI: 1.26-3.16 for mortality)]. The ROC curves indicated a good diagnostic efficiency for severity scores (area under the curve 0.72).ConclusionsIn a long-term follow-up cohort of HFpEF patients, simple clinical, echocardiographic, medication, and even genetic variables were associated with MACE or mortality, and the developed composite severity scale identified patients with a higher probability of experiencing the events.