Endothelin-Bone morphogenetic protein type 2 receptor interaction induces pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell hyperplasia in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Endothelin-1 downregulates canonical BMPR2 signaling. This is related to decreased BMPR2 and increased anti-BMP gremlin expression associated with increased activation of p38MAPK and results in PA-SMC proliferation.