Peripheral arterial disease, gender, and depression in the Heart and Soul Study

BackgroundDespite the high prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in women, risk factors for PAD in women are not well understood.MethodsGender-specific risk factors for PAD were examined in a prospective cohort study of 1024 patients (184 women and 840 men) with stable coronary artery disease who were recruited between 2000 and 2002. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between traditional and nontraditional risk factors and PAD in men and women.ResultsPAD was found in 11% of women and in 13% of men. Women with PAD had a similar prevalence of traditional risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking) compared with women without PAD and were significantly more likely to suffer from depression than women without PAD. Men with PAD were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, a history of smoking, a worse lipid profile, and higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers than men without PAD. A multivariate model showed depression was the strongest independent factor associated with PAD in women, whereas smoking and elevated fibrinogen were independently associated with PAD in men.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest there are gender differences in risk factors for the development of PAD. Further research is needed to understand the role of depression in PAD.