Neurodevelopmental outcome of infantile spasms: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Neurodevelopmental outcome was overall poor in patients with IS and has not changed since the publication of first guideline on IS. Although cryptogenic IS has better prognosis than symptomatic IS, the outcome for cryptogenic IS remained poor. There was heterogeneity in neurodevelopmental outcome ascertainment methods, highlighting the need for a more standardized and comprehensive assessment of cognitive, behavioural, emotional and functional outcomes.