Patient-specific 3-dimensional Printed Kidney Designed for “4D” Surgical Navigation: A Novel Aid to Facilitate Minimally Invasive Off-clamp Partial Nephrectomy in Complex Tumor Cases

This is the first report of a novel 3D printed organ style, which we termed “4D” surgical navigation. Use of the current 3D printed kidney models helped surgeons to perform minimally invasive off-clamp PN in complex tumor cases and also helped patients to more fully understand the operation.