Perioperative Outcomes and Cosmesis Analysis of Patients Undergoing Laparoendoscopic Single-site Adrenalectomy: A Comparison of Transumbilical, Transperitoneal Subcostal, and Retroperitoneal Subcostal Approaches

LESS-AD is an effective procedure with a high level of cosmesis using a TU, TS, or RS approach. The surgeon's background, patient characteristics, and cosmetic perception must be carefully considered as a part of the entire clinical picture so that LESS-AD can be used for patients who will derive the most benefit.