Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of Bladder Tumors Associated With Photodynamic Diagnosis: An Ex Vivo Pilot Study

Combining PDD and CLE ex vivo demonstrated the usefulness of HAL for guiding blue light CLE. HAL was insufficient to allow histologic CLE, which required the use of fluorescein. The results of this pilot study have indicated the feasibility of CLE. However, an in vivo method incorporating fluorescein and PDD will be required to improve the diagnostic specificity of PDD alone.