Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Oesophageal atresia with tracheo-oesophageal fistula is a relatively common congenital anomaly occurring in around 1:2500 births. The aetiology and embryology of the condition remain unclear, whilst associations with other significant anomalies are common. Studies in rodent models are contributing to our understanding of the condition. Advances in surgical care and neonatal management have improved survival considerably to around 90%. Long-gap and isolated oesophageal atresia present significant management challenges. Post-operative and long-term complications including oesophageal stricture, gastro-oesophageal reflux and respiratory compromise however remain relatively common and continue to pose a challenge for the ongoing management of patients.