Foot Type Biomechanics Part 2: Are structure and anthropometrics related to function?

BackgroundMany foot pathologies are associated with specific foot types. If foot structure and function are related, measurement of either could assist with differential diagnosis of pedal pathologies.HypothesisBiomechanical measures of foot structure and function are related in asymptomatic healthy individuals.MethodsSixty-one healthy subjects' left feet were stratified into cavus (n = 12), rectus (n = 27) and planus (n = 22) foot types. Foot structure was assessed by malleolar valgus index, arch height index, and arch height flexibility. Anthropometrics (height and weight), age, and walking speed were measured. Foot function was assessed by center of pressure excursion index, peak plantar pressure, maximum force, and gait pattern parameters. Foot structure and anthropometric variables were entered into stepwise linear regression models to identify predictors of function.ResultsMeasures of foot structure and anthropometrics explained 10-37% of the model variance (adjusted R2) for gait pattern parameters. When walking speed was included, the adjusted R2 increased to 45-77% but foot structure was no longer a factor. Foot structure and anthropometrics predicted 7-47% of the model variance for plantar pressure and 16-64% for maximum force parameters. All multivariate models were significant (p < 0.05), supporting acceptance of the hypothesis.Discussion and conclusionFoot structure and function are related in asymptomatic healthy individuals. The structural parameters employed are basic measurements that do not require ionizing radiation and could be used in a clinical setting. Further research is needed to identify additional predictive parameters (plantar soft tissue characteristics, skeletal alignment, and neuromuscular control) and to include individuals with pathology.

► We investigated whether foot structure and anthropometrics can predict foot function. ► Foot structure was assessed by malleolar valgus index and arch height indices. ► Foot function was assessed by plantar loading and gait pattern parameters. ► Foot structure and function are related in asymptomatic healthy individuals. ► Measures of foot structure are less costly and more feasible than foot function.