Research reportRepeated nicotine exposure during adolescence alters reward-related learning in male and female rats

- Repeated nicotine exposure during adolescence enhances reward-associated learning in males.
- Repeated nicotine exposure during adolescence reduces reward-associated learning in females.
- Female animals display enhanced acquisition of appetitive Pavlovian approach learning at baseline.
- Repeated nicotine exposure during adolescence augments responding with conditioned reinforement.
- The ability of nicotine to enhance responding with conditioned reinforcement is not influenced by sex.

RationaleRepeated nicotine exposure causes neuroadaptations in limbic cortico-striatal circuits involved in learning and motivation. Such alterations are relevant to addiction because they are suggested to mediate the ability of smoking-associated stimuli to control behavior and to enhance nicotine-seeking and -taking behaviors. Female smokers report higher cue reactivity relative to their male counter parts, yet little is known about putative gender-specific effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on reward-related learning. Prior repeated nicotine exposure in adult male rats enhances Pavlovian approach behavior and conditioned reinforcement.ObjectiveGiven that smoking is typically initiated during adolescence, here we assessed the extent to which adolescent nicotine exposure impacts Pavlovian approach and conditioned reinforcement in male and female rats.MethodsRats were injected with nicotine on postnatal days 31-45 prior to training on Pavlovian approach behavior starting on day 51. They were trained to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS), illumination of a magazine light, and tone, with an unconditioned stimulus (US), the delivery of water, for 10-daily sessions, and then were tested on the acquisition of responding with conditioned reinforcement.ResultsAdolescent nicotine exposure selectively increased approach to the magazine during the CS in males but decreased approach to the magazine during the CS in female rats. Vehicle-exposed female rats, however, showed greater magazine approach during the CS than did male control rats. Prior nicotine exposure also enhanced conditioned reinforcement in both male and female rats.ConclusionsRepeated exposure to nicotine during adolescence had opposite effects on Pavlovian approach behavior in male and female rats but enhanced acquisition of a new response with conditioned reinforcement. Novel information on how nicotine exposure influences reward-related learning during adolescence may increase our understanding of neurobiological mechanisms involved in the initiation of smoking behavior.