A low-cost, portable, micro-controlled device for multi-channel LED visual stimulation

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are extensively used as light sources to investigate visual and visually related function and dysfunction. Here, we describe the design of a compact, low-cost, stand-alone LED-based system that enables the configuration, storage and presentation of elaborate visual stimulation paradigms. The core functionality of this system is provided by a microcontroller whose ultra-low power consumption makes it well suited for long lasting battery applications. The effective use of hardware resources is managed by multi-layered architecture software that provides an intuitive and user-friendly interface. In the configuration mode, different stimulation sequences can be created and memorized for ten channels, independently. LED-driving current output can be set either as continuous or pulse modulated, up to 500 Hz, by duty cycle adjustments. In run mode, multiple-channel stimulus sequences are automatically applied according to the pre-programmed protocol. Steady state visual evoked potentials were successfully recorded in five subjects with no visible electromagnetic interferences from the stimulator, demonstrating the efficacy of combining our prototyped equipment with electrophysiological techniques. Finally, we discuss a number of possible improvements for future development of our project.

Research highlights► A low-cost, portable, multichannel LED-based visual stimulator is described. ► The core functionality of this device is provided by a standard microcontroller. ► A multi-layered architecture software provides an intuitive user interface. ► LEDs can be driven in a continuous or pulse-modulated mode. ► Temporal precision of stimulus delivery and compatibility of use with scalp EEG are considered.