Assessing the effects of seasonal grazing on holm oak regeneration: Implications for the conservation of Mediterranean dehesas

► Regeneration failure of oaks threatens the long-term stability of Iberian dehesas. ► We compared the status of holm oaks in transhumant and permanently grazed estates. ► Oak juvenile densities were higher and browsing less intense in transhumant estates. ► Permanent grazing reduced the density of holm oak saplings. ► Recovery of transhumant pastoralism could improve dehesas' conservation status.