Immune response of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica to physical stress and microbial exposure

► The ms provides a first characterization of the immune system (hemocytes, antibacterial activity) of the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica. ► 2 different hemocyte types were identified and hemocytes exhibited major immune system mechanisms such as phagocytosis and ROS generation. ► ROS generation was stimulated by the microbial mimetic zymosan but only minor by other commonly used stimulants or environmental bacteria. ► Injury increased hemocyte abundance, especially in starved individuals. ► Younger individuals showed higher ROS generation (basis and induced) and more intense changes after injury compared to larger individuals.