Formation mechanism of highly dispersed semi-embedded ruthenium nanoparticles in porous carbon matrix determined by in situ temperature-programmed infrared spectroscopy

In situ spectroscopy was applied to the carbonization of a sucrose-RuCl3/SBA-15 composite towards a Ru-containing ordered mesoporous carbon catalyst to identify the stabilization role of organic carbon precursors during the formation of highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles.